Prostaglandins, opioids, and organophosphate insecticides can constrict pupils as well. Sympathomimetics, such as adrenaline, clonidine, and phenylephrine, cause mydriasis through their actions at ɑ-1 receptors of the pupillary dilator muscle. The use of pilocarpine, a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist in the parasympathetic nervous system, may result in a small and poorly reactive pupil. Scopolamine patches, glycopyrrolate antiperspirants, nasal vasoconstrictors, and herbals such as Jimson weed, blue nightshade, and Angel’s trumpet can dilate pupils. Anticholinergics such as atropine, homatropine, tropicamide, scopolamine, and cyclopentolate lead to mydriasis and cycloplegia by inhibiting parasympathetic M3 receptors of the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles. Pharmacologic anisocoria can present as mydriasis or miosis following administration of agents that act on the pupillary dilator or sphincter muscles. Causes include physical injury from ocular trauma or surgery, inflammatory conditions such as uveitis, angle closure glaucoma leading to iris occlusion of the trabecular meshwork, or intraocular tumors causing physical distortion of the iris. Mechanical anisocoria results from damage to the iris or its supporting structures. Examples include aniridia, coloboma, and ectopic pupil. Physiologic anisocoria may be intermittent, persistent, or even self-resolving.Ĭongenital anomalies in the structure of the iris may contribute to abnormal pupillary sizes and shapes that present in childhood. Light and near responses are intact, and the degree of anisocoria is typically equal in light and dark. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be due to transient asymmetric supranuclear inhibition of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus that controls the pupillary sphincter. It is a benign condition with a difference in pupil size of less than or equal to 1 mm. Physiologic (also known as simple or essential) anisocoria is the most common cause of unequal pupil sizes, affecting up to 20% of the population. An injury or lesion in either pathway may result in changes in pupil size. Generally, anisocoria is caused by impaired dilation (a sympathetic response) or impaired constriction (a parasympathetic response) of pupils. Thus, thorough clinical evaluation is important for appropriate diagnosis and management of the underlying cause. It is relatively common, and causes vary from benign physiologic anisocoria to potentially life-threatening emergencies. Ī pupil smaller than 2mm or larger than 5mm measured in a room lit by fluorescent light is likely to be pathological.Anisocoria indicates unequal pupil sizes. A study of pupillary size in bright (penlight or ophthalmoscope) and fluorescent light found that pupil sizes greater than 3.6mm or less than 1.9mm in bright light, or greater than 5mm or less than 2mm in fluorescent light, were likely to be abnormal. In a situation where a comparison cannot be made with the other eye or it is clinically important to judge if the pupils are dilated or constricted, the normal range for the size of pupils in different light conditions is often guessed. How do you know if the pupil is dilated or constricted? If a ruler is unavailable, or in an emergency, either use a Haab scaleor, remembering that a normal cornea measures 12 x 12mm, make a rough estimate of the proportion that the pupil takes up and, thereby, its size, e.g. Examination of the pupil must include assessment of the size, symmetry and reflexes.Īlthough pupil size is often guessed, a ruler will provide a more accurate measure.
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